All HPV vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer.
Īvailable HPV vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV. HPV type 16 is the strain most likely to cause cancer and is present in about 47% of all cervical cancers, and in many vaginal and vulvar cancers, penile cancers, anal cancers, and cancers of the head and neck. Individuals infected with both HPV and HIV have an increased risk of developing cervical or anal cancer. These cancers all involve sexually transmitted infection of HPV to the stratified epithelial tissue. Probably high-risk: 26, 53, 73, 82Ībout fourteen HPV types (including types 16, 18, 31, and 45) are called "high-risk" types because persistent infection has been linked to cancer of the oropharynx, larynx, vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, and anus.The table below lists common symptoms of HPV infection and the associated strains of HPV. HPV types 6 and 11 can cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis. HPV types 1 and 2 can cause common warts in some infected individuals. Some HPV types, such as HPV5, may establish infections that persist for the lifetime of the individual without ever manifesting any clinical symptoms. HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, which are designated by a number for each virus type.
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Cases of skin warts have been described since the time of ancient Greece, but that they were caused by a virus was not determined until 1907. Roughly 1% of sexually active adults have genital warts. About 90% of these new cases and deaths of cervical cancer occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Cervical cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide, causing an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths in 2020. In the United States, about 36,000 cases of cancer due to HPV occur each year. High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide, with an estimated 570,000 women and 60,000 men getting an HPV-related cancer each year. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), globally. Nearly every sexually active individual is infected by HPV at some point in their lives. Genital warts can be removed by freezing. Screening has reduced both the number of cases and the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test ("pap smear"), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both early cancer and abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. To be most effective, inoculation should occur before the onset of sexual activity, and are therefore recommended between the ages of 9–13 years. HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. HPV is not killed by common hand sanitizers and disinfectants, increasing the possibility of the virus being transferred via non-living infectious agents called fomites. There is no evidence that HPV can spread via common items like toilet seats, but the types that cause warts may spread via surfaces such as floors. HPV infection can also spread from a mother to baby during pregnancy. These types are typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal and anal sex being the most common methods.
Risk factors for persistent infection by sexually transmitted types include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and poor immune function. More than 40 types may be spread through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals. An individual can become infected with more than one type of HPV, and the disease is only known to affect humans. Īn HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV and two strains – HPV16 and HPV18 – account for 70% of cases.
These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. Human papillomavirus infection ( HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Most people are infected at some point in time Human papillomavirus spread by direct contact Medical condition Human papillomavirus infectionĬancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat
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